Plasma was first identified in laboratory by Sir William Crookes. Note the fast moving electrons and slow ions, resembling a bodily fluid. Whether a given degree of ionization suffices to call a substance 'plasma' depends on the specific phenomenon being considered.Įarly history Plasma microfields calculated by an N-body simulation. Unlike the phase transitions between the other three states of matter, the transition to plasma is not well defined and is a matter of interpretation and context. Neon signs and lightning are examples of partially ionized plasmas. ĭepending on temperature and density, a certain number of neutral particles may also be present, in which case plasma is called partially ionized. The response of plasma to electromagnetic fields is used in many modern devices and technologies, such as plasma televisions or plasma etching.

The presence of charged particles makes plasma electrically conductive, with the dynamics of individual particles and macroscopic plasma motion governed by collective electromagnetic fields and very sensitive to externally applied fields.

Įxtending to the rarefied intracluster medium and possibly to intergalactic regions, plasma can be artificially generated by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, being mostly associated with stars, including the Sun. Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα ( plásma) 'moldable substance') is one of four fundamental states of matter, characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons. Bottom right: A plasma trail from the Space Shuttle Atlantis during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, as seen from the International Space Station. Bottom left: A plasma globe, illustrating some of the more complex plasma phenomena, including filamentation. Top: Lightning and neon lights are commonplace generators of plasma.

State of survival what is plasma core